1. Krieger JW, Sitren HS, Daniels MJ, Langkamp-Henken B. Effects of variation in protein and carbohydrate intake on body mass and composition during energy restriction: a meta-regression 1. Am J Clin Nutr. Feb 2006;83(2):260-274.
2. Paddon-Jones D, Westman E, Mattes RD, Wolfe RR, Astrup A, Westerterp-Plantenga M. Protein, weight management, and satiety. Am J Clin Nutr. May 2008;87(5):1558S-1561S.
3. Baba NH, Sawaya S, Torbay N, Habbal Z, Azar S, Hashim SA. High protein vs high carbohydrate hypoenergetic diet for the treatment of obese hyperinsulinemic subjects. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. Nov 1999;23(11):1202-1206.
4. Clifton PM, Keogh JB, Noakes M. Long-term effects of a high-protein weight-loss diet. Am J Clin Nutr. Jan 2008;87(1):23-29.
5. Layman DK. Protein quantity and quality at levels above the RDA improves adult weight loss. J Am Coll Nutr. Dec 2004;23(6 Suppl):631S-636S.
6. Dumesnil JG, Turgeon J, Tremblay A, et al. Effect of a low-glycaemic index--low-fat--high protein diet on the atherogenic metabolic risk profile of abdominally obese men. Br J Nutr. Nov 2001;86(5):557-568.
7. Layman DK. The role of leucine in weight loss diets and glucose homeostasis. J Nutr. Jan 2003;133(1):261S-267S.
8. Layman DK, Boileau RA, Erickson DJ, et al. A reduced ratio of dietary carbohydrate to protein improves body composition and blood lipid profiles during weight loss in adult women. J Nutr. Feb 2003;133(2):411-417.
9. Layman DK, Shiue H, Sather C, Erickson DJ, Baum J. Increased dietary protein modifies glucose and insulin homeostasis in adult women during weight loss. J Nutr. Feb 2003;133(2):405-410.
10. Layman DK, Evans E, Baum JI, Seyler J, Erickson DJ, Boileau RA. Dietary protein and exercise have additive effects on body composition during weight loss in adult women. J Nutr. Aug 2005;135(8):1903-1910.
11. Noakes M. The role of protein in weight management. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2008;17 Suppl 1:169-171.
12. Noakes M, Keogh JB, Foster PR, Clifton PM. Effect of an energy-restricted, high-protein, low-fat diet relative to a conventional high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet on weight loss, body composition, nutritional status, and markers of cardiovascular health in obese women. Am J Clin Nutr. Jun 2005;81(6):1298-1306.
13. Demling RH, DeSanti L. Effect of a hypocaloric diet, increased protein intake and resistance training on lean mass gains and fat mass loss in overweight police officers. Ann Nutr Metab. 2000;44(1):21-29.
14. Piatti PM, Monti F, Fermo I, et al. Hypocaloric high-protein diet improves glucose oxidation and spares lean body mass: comparison to hypocaloric high-carbohydrate diet. Metabolism. Dec 1994;43(12):1481-1487.
15. Skov AR, Toubro S, Ronn B, Holm L, Astrup A. Randomized trial on protein vs carbohydrate in ad libitum fat reduced diet for the treatment of obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. May 1999;23(5):528-536.
16. Stubbs RJ. Macronutrient effects on appetite. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. Nov 1995;19 Suppl 5:S11-19.
17. Westerterp-Plantenga MS, Rolland V, Wilson SA, Westerterp KR. Satiety related to 24 h diet-induced thermogenesis during high protein/carbohydrate vs high fat diets measured in a respiration chamber. Eur J Clin Nutr. Jun 1999;53(6):495-502.
18. Anderson GH, Moore SE. Dietary proteins in the regulation of food intake and body weight in humans. J Nutr. Apr 2004;134(4):974S-979S.
19. Lejeune MP, Kovacs EM, Westerterp-Plantenga MS. Additional protein intake limits weight regain after weight loss in humans. Br J Nutr. Feb 2005;93(2):281-289.
20. Merchant AT, Anand SS, Vuksan V, et al. Protein intake is inversely associated with abdominal obesity in a multi-ethnic population. J Nutr. May 2005;135(5):1196-1201.
21. Astrup A. The satiating power of protein--a key to obesity prevention? Am J Clin Nutr. Jul 2005;82(1):1-2.
22. Farnsworth E, Luscombe ND, Noakes M, Wittert G, Argyiou E, Clifton PM. Effect of a high-protein, energy-restricted diet on body composition, glycemic control, and lipid concentrations in overweight and obese hyperinsulinemic men and women. Am J Clin Nutr. Jul 2003;78(1):31-39.
23. Halton TL, Hu FB. The effects of high protein diets on thermogenesis, satiety and weight loss: a critical review. J Am Coll Nutr. Oct 2004;23(5):373-385.
24. Johnston CS, Tjonn SL, Swan PD, White A, Hutchins H, Sears B. Ketogenic low-carbohydrate diets have no metabolic advantage over nonketogenic low-carbohydrate diets. Am J Clin Nutr. May 2006;83(5):1055-1061.
25. McAuley KA, Hopkins CM, Smith KJ, et al. Comparison of high-fat and high-protein diets with a high-carbohydrate diet in insulin-resistant obese women. Diabetologia. Jan 2005;48(1):8-16.
26. Weigle DS, Breen PA, Matthys CC, et al. A high-protein diet induces sustained reductions in appetite, ad libitum caloric intake, and body weight despite compensatory changes in diurnal plasma leptin and ghrelin concentrations. Am J Clin Nutr. Jul 2005;82(1):41-48.
27. Feinman RD, Fine EJ. Whatever happened to the second law of thermodynamics? Am J Clin Nutr. Nov 2004;80(5):1445-1446; author reply 1446.
28. Feinman RD, Fine EJ. "A calorie is a calorie" violates the second law of thermodynamics. Nutr J. Jul 28 2004;3:9.
29. Fine EJ, Feinman RD. Thermodynamics of weight loss diets. Nutr Metab (Lond). Dec 8 2004;1(1):15.
30. Antonio J, Manninen AH. Eating to Improve Body Composition. In: Antonio J, Kalman D, Stout JR, al. e, eds. Essentials of Sports Nutrition and Supplements: Humana Press; 2008:605-619.
31. Volek JS, Sharman MJ. Diet and Hormonal Responses: Potential Impact on Body Composition. In: Kraemer WJ, Rogol AD, eds. The Endocrine System In Sports And Exercise: Blackwell Publishing; 2005:426-443.
32. Humayun MA, Elango R, Ball RO, Pencharz PB. Reevaluation of the protein requirement in young men with the indicator amino acid oxidation technique. Am J Clin Nutr. Oct 2007;86(4):995-1002.
33. Tipton KD, Wolfe RR. Protein and amino acids for athletes. J Sports Sci. Jan 2004;22(1):65-79.
34. Tipton KD, Wolfe RR. Exercise, protein metabolism, and muscle growth. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. Mar 2001;11(1):109-132.
35. Lemon PW. Effect of exercise on protein requirements. J Sports Sci. Summer 1991;9 Spec No:53-70.
36. Lemon PW. Protein and amino acid needs of the strength athlete. Int J Sport Nutr. Jun 1991;1(2):127-145.
37. Lemon PW. Do athletes need more dietary protein and amino acids? Int J Sport Nutr. Jun 1995;5 Suppl:S39-61.
38. Lemon PW. Is increased dietary protein necessary or beneficial for individuals with a physically active lifestyle? Nutr Rev. Apr 1996;54(4 Pt 2):S169-175.
39. Lemon PW. Effects of exercise on dietary protein requirements. Int J Sport Nutr. Dec 1998;8(4):426-447.
40. Lemon PW. Beyond the zone: protein needs of active individuals. J Am Coll Nutr. Oct 2000;19(5 Suppl):513S-521S.
41. Lemon PW, Proctor DN. Protein intake and athletic performance. Sports Med. Nov 1991;12(5):313-325.
42. Lemon PW, Tarnopolsky MA, MacDougall JD, Atkinson SA. Protein requirements and muscle mass/strength changes during intensive training in novice bodybuilders. J Appl Physiol. Aug 1992;73(2):767-775.
43. Tarnopolsky M. Protein requirements for endurance athletes. Nutrition. Jul-Aug 2004;20(7-8):662-668.
44. Rennie MJ, Tipton KD. Protein and amino acid metabolism during and after exercise and the effects of nutrition. Annu Rev Nutr. 2000;20:457-483.
45. Rennie MJ, Wackerhage H, Spangenburg EE, Booth FW. Control of the size of the human muscle mass. Annu Rev Physiol. 2004;66:799-828.
46. Luscombe ND, Clifton PM, Noakes M, Parker B, Wittert G. Effects of energy-restricted diets containing increased protein on weight loss, resting energy expenditure, and the thermic effect of feeding in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. Apr 2002;25(4):652-657.
47. Luscombe-Marsh ND, Noakes M, Wittert GA, Keogh JB, Foster P, Clifton PM. Carbohydrate-restricted diets high in either monounsaturated fat or protein are equally effective at promoting fat loss and improving blood lipids. Am J Clin Nutr. Apr 2005;81(4):762-772.
48. Parker B, Noakes M, Luscombe N, Clifton P. Effect of a high-protein, high-monounsaturated fat weight loss diet on glycemic control and lipid levels in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. Mar 2002;25(3):425-430.
49. Willett WC, Stampfer MJ. Rebuilding the food pyramid. Sci Am. Jan 2003;288(1):64-71.
50. Wolfe BM. Potential role of raising dietary protein intake for reducing risk of atherosclerosis. Can J Cardiol. Oct 1995;11 Suppl G:127G-131G.
51. Wolfe BM, Giovannetti PM. Short-term effects of substituting protein for carbohydrate in the diets of moderately hypercholesterolemic human subjects. Metabolism. Apr 1991;40(4):338-343.
52. Wolfe BM, Piche LA. Replacement of carbohydrate by protein in a conventional-fat diet reduces cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in healthy normolipidemic subjects. Clin Invest Med. Aug 1999;22(4):140-148.
53. Hu FB. Protein, body weight, and cardiovascular health. Am J Clin Nutr. Jul 2005;82(1 Suppl):242S-247S.
54. Willett WC, Skerrett PJ. Eat, Drink and Be Healthy: Free Press; 2001.
55. Rolland Y, Czerwinski S, Van Kan Abellan G, et al. Sarcopenia: its assessment, etiology, pathogenesis, consequences and future perspectives. J Nutr Health Aging. Aug-Sep 2008;12(7):433-450.
56. Bales CW, Ritchie CS. Sarcopenia, weight loss, and nutritional frailty in the elderly. Annu Rev Nutr. 2002;22:309-323.
57. Bell JA, Volpi E, Fujita S, Cadenas JG, Sheffield-Moore M, Rasmussen BB. Skeletal muscle protein anabolic response to increased energy and insulin is preserved in poorly controlled type 2 diabetes. J Nutr. May 2006;136(5):1249-1255.
58. Charlton KE. Eating well: ageing gracefully! Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2002;11 Suppl 3:S607-617.
59. Czarkowska-Paczek B, Milczarczyk S. [Age-related muscle mass loss]. Przegl Lek. 2006;63(8):658-661.
60. Dreyer HC, Volpi E. Role of protein and amino acids in the pathophysiology and treatment of sarcopenia. J Am Coll Nutr. Apr 2005;24(2):140S-145S.
61. Evans WJ. Protein nutrition, exercise and aging. J Am Coll Nutr. Dec 2004;23(6 Suppl):601S-609S.
62. Fujita S, Volpi E. Amino acids and muscle loss with aging. J Nutr. Jan 2006;136(1 Suppl):277S-280S.
63. Hepple RT. Sarcopenia--a critical perspective. Sci Aging Knowledge Environ. Nov 19 2003;2003(46):pe31.
64. Iannuzzi-Sucich M, Prestwood KM, Kenny AM. Prevalence of sarcopenia and predictors of skeletal muscle mass in healthy, older men and women. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. Dec 2002;57(12):M772-777.
65. Lauretani F, Russo CR, Bandinelli S, et al. Age-associated changes in skeletal muscles and their effect on mobility: an operational diagnosis of sarcopenia. J Appl Physiol. Nov 2003;95(5):1851-1860.
66. Paddon-Jones D, Short KR, Campbell WW, Volpi E, Wolfe RR. Role of dietary protein in the sarcopenia of aging. Am J Clin Nutr. May 2008;87(5):1562S-1566S.
67. Roubenoff R. Sarcopenia: a major modifiable cause of frailty in the elderly. J Nutr Health Aging. 2000;4(3):140-142.
68. Volpi E, Nazemi R, Fujita S. Muscle tissue changes with aging. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. Jul 2004;7(4):405-410.
69. Walrand S, Boirie Y. Optimizing protein intake in aging. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. Jan 2005;8(1):89-94.
70. Yarasheski KE. Exercise, aging, and muscle protein metabolism. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. Oct 2003;58(10):M918-922.
71. Westerterp-Plantenga MS, Lejeune MP, Nijs I, van Ooijen M, Kovacs EM. High protein intake sustains weight maintenance after body weight loss in humans. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. Jan 2004;28(1):57-64.
72. Layman DK, Clifton P, Gannon MC, Krauss RM, Nuttall FQ. Protein in optimal health: heart disease and type 2 diabetes. Am J Clin Nutr. May 2008;87(5):1571S-1575S.
73. Willett W, Manson J, Liu S. Glycemic index, glycemic load, and risk of type 2 diabetes. Am J Clin Nutr. Jul 2002;76(1):274S-280S.
74. Heaney RP, Layman DK. Amount and type of protein influences bone health. Am J Clin Nutr. May 2008;87(5):1567S-1570S.
75. Fulgoni VL, 3rd. Current protein intake in America: analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2003-2004. Am J Clin Nutr. May 2008;87(5):1554S-1557S.
76. Millward DJ, Layman DK, Tome D, Schaafsma G. Protein quality assessment: impact of expanding understanding of protein and amino acid needs for optimal health. Am J Clin Nutr. May 2008;87(5):1576S-1581S.
77. Matthews DE. Proteins and Amino Acids. In: Shils ME, Shike M, Ross AC, et al, eds. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins; 2006:23-61.
78. Ziegenfuss TN, Landis J. Protein. In: Antonio J, Kalman JR, Stout M, Greenwood M, Willoughby DS, Haff GG, eds. Essentials of Sports Nutrition and Supplements: Humana Press; 2008:251-266.
79. Bos C, Gaudichon C, Tome D. Nutritional and physiological criteria in the assessment of milk protein quality for humans. J Am Coll Nutr. Apr 2000;19(2 Suppl):191S-205S.
80. Torres-Llanez Mde J, Vallejo-Cordoba B, Gonzalez-Cordova AF. [Bioactive peptides derived from milk proteins]. Arch Latinoam Nutr. Jun 2005;55(2):111-117.
81. Jenness R. Comparative aspects of milk proteins. J Dairy Res. Apr 1979;46(2):197-210.
82. Huffman LM, Harper WJ. Maximizing the value of milk through separation technologies. J Dairy Sci. Oct 1999;82(10):2238-2244.
83. Etzel MR. Manufacture and use of dairy protein fractions. J Nutr. Apr 2004;134(4):996S-1002S.
84. Boirie Y, Dangin M, Gachon P, Vasson MP, Maubois JL, Beaufrere B. Slow and fast dietary proteins differently modulate postprandial protein accretion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. Dec 23 1997;94(26):14930-14935.
85. Lacroix M, Bos C, Leonil J, et al. Compared with casein or total milk protein, digestion of milk soluble proteins is too rapid to sustain the anabolic postprandial amino acid requirement. Am J Clin Nutr. Nov 2006;84(5):1070-1079.
86. Clare DA, Swaisgood HE. Bioactive milk peptides: a prospectus. J Dairy Sci. Jun 2000;83(6):1187-1195.
87. Meisel H. Multifunctional peptides encrypted in milk proteins. Biofactors. 2004;21(1-4):55-61.
88. Meisel H. Biochemical properties of peptides encrypted in bovine milk proteins. Curr Med Chem. 2005;12(16):1905-1919.
89. Meisel H, Bockelmann W. Bioactive peptides encrypted in milk proteins: proteolytic activation and thropho-functional properties. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. Jul-Nov 1999;76(1-4):207-215.
90. Meisel H, FitzGerald RJ. Opioid peptides encrypted in intact milk protein sequences. Br J Nutr. Nov 2000;84 Suppl 1:S27-31.
91. Rutherfurd-Markwick KJ, Moughan PJ. Bioactive peptides derived from food. J AOAC Int. May-Jun 2005;88(3):955-966.
92. Schlimme E, Meisel H. Bioactive peptides derived from milk proteins. Structural, physiological and analytical aspects. Nahrung. 1995;39(1):1-20.
93. Erdmann K, Cheung BW, Schroder H. The possible roles of food-derived bioactive peptides in reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease. J Nutr Biochem. Oct 2008;19(10):643-654.
94. FitzGerald RJ, Meisel H. Milk protein-derived peptide inhibitors of angiotensin-I-converting enzyme. Br J Nutr. Nov 2000;84 Suppl 1:S33-37.
95. Gobbetti M, Stepaniak L, De Angelis M, Corsetti A, Di Cagno R. Latent bioactive peptides in milk proteins: proteolytic activation and significance in dairy processing. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2002;42(3):223-239.
96. Hartmann R, Meisel H. Caseinophosphopeptides and their cell modulating potential. Biofactors. 2004;21(1-4):73-78.
97. Kitts DD, Weiler K. Bioactive proteins and peptides from food sources. Applications of bioprocesses used in isolation and recovery. Curr Pharm Des. 2003;9(16):1309-1323.
98. Korhonen H, Pihlanto A. Food-derived bioactive peptides--opportunities for designing future foods. Curr Pharm Des. 2003;9(16):1297-1308.
99. Korhonen H, Pihlanto A. Technological options for the production of health-promoting proteins and peptides derived from milk and colostrum. Curr Pharm Des. 2007;13(8):829-843.
100. Lopez-Exposito I, Recio I. Protective effect of milk peptides: antibacterial and antitumor properties. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2008;606:271-293.
101. Meisel H. Biochemical properties of regulatory peptides derived from milk proteins. Biopolymers. 1997;43(2):119-128.
102. Moughan PJ. Dietary protein quality in humans--an overview. J AOAC Int. May-Jun 2005;88(3):874-876.
103. Saito T. Antihypertensive peptides derived from bovine casein and whey proteins. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2008;606:295-317.
104. Schlimme E, Martin D, Meisel H. Nucleosides and nucleotides: natural bioactive substances in milk and colostrum. Br J Nutr. Nov 2000;84 Suppl 1:S59-68.
105. Severin S, Wenshui X. Milk biologically active components as nutraceuticals: review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2005;45(7-8):645-656.
106. Shah NP. Effects of milk-derived bioactives: an overview. Br J Nutr. Nov 2000;84 Suppl 1:S3-10.
107. Teschemacher H. Opioid receptor ligands derived from food proteins. Curr Pharm Des. 2003;9(16):1331-1344.
108. Yamamoto N, Takano T. Antihypertensive peptides derived from milk proteins. Nahrung. Jun 1999;43(3):159-164.